Correlative table
From Carls wiki
In different languages.
A set of <multiword>star</multiword> symbols in an entry indicates that the correlative can not be expressed with only one word only, but that there are several words strung together which express the concept (hover to see the words). An empty entry means that there is no such string of words in common usage.
Since the correlative table is an Esperanto invention, there is an unavoidable bias in any comparison of such tables, likely to show off Esperanto from a more favorable side than the other languages. However, the intent of this summary is not to compare the merits of languages, only to compare systems of correlatives.
Some of the missing words are missing because I'm not aware of them. Please feel free to suggest or add words. In particular, please don't be offended if there are words missing from your favorite correlative table. It's easy to make additions to the page.
Contents |
English
| question | demonstration | indefinite | universality | negation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person/thing | who/which | -/that | someone/something | everyone/everything | no-one/nothing |
| subject | what | that | something | everything | nothing |
| quality | what/<multiword>what kind of</multiword> | such/<multiword>that kind of</multiword> | <multiword>a kind of</multiword> | <multiword>all kinds of</multiword> | <multiword>no kind of</multiword> |
| place | where | there | somewhere | everywhere | nowhere |
| time | when | then | <multiword>at one time</multiword> | always | never |
| amount | <multiword>how much</multiword> | <multiword>that much</multiword> | some | all | none |
| method | how | <multiword>in that way</multiword> | somehow | <multiword>in every way</multiword> | nohow |
| reason | why | <multiword>for that reason</multiword> | <multiword>for some reason</multiword> | <multiword>for every reason</multiword> | <multiword>for no reason</multiword> |
| ownership | whose | <multiword>that person's</multiword> | someone's | everyone's | no-one's |
Esperanto
| question | demonstration | indefinite | universality | negation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person/thing | kiu | tiu | iu | ĉiu | neniu |
| subject | kio | tio | io | ĉio | nenio |
| quality | kia | tia | ia | ĉia | nenia |
| place | kie | tie | ie | ĉie | nenie |
| time | kiam | tiam | iam | ĉiam | neniam |
| amount | kiom | tiom | iom | ĉiom | neniom |
| method | kiel | tiel | iel | ĉiel | neniel |
| reason | kial | tial | ial | ĉial | nenial |
| ownership | kies | ties | ies | ĉies | nenies |
Ido
The alternative "-i" endings on some words are plural forms.
| question | demonstration | indefinite | universality | negation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person/thing | qua/i | (i)ta/i | ulu/i | omnu/i | nulu/i |
| subject | quo/i | (i)to/i | ulo/i | omno/i | nulo/i |
| quality | |||||
| place | ube | ibe | ul-loke | omna-loke | nul-loke |
| time | kande | lore | ul-tempe | sempre | nul-tempe |
| amount | quanto/e | tanto/e | ul-quanto/e | omno/e | nulo/e |
| method | |||||
| reason | <multiword>pro quo</multiword> | <multiword>pro to</multiword> | <multiword>pro ulo</multiword> | <multiword>pro omno</multiword> | <multiword>pro nulo</multiword> |
| ownership |
Latin
| question | demonstration | existence | universality | negation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person/thing | qui | quis | omnis | nemo | |
| subject | |||||
| quality | qualis | talis | cuiusquemodi | ||
| place | ubi | ibi | alicubi | ubique | nusquam |
| time | quando | tunc | sempre | nunquam | |
| amount | quanto | tanto | |||
| method | quomodo | quomodocumque | omnimodis | ||
| reason | cur | ||||
| ownership | cuius |
Novial
Thanks to Nov ialiste for sending the correlative table for Novial.
| question | demonstration | indefinite | universality | negation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person/thing | que (-o, -a) | te (-o, -a) | kelke (-o, -a) | omnes | nule |
| subject | quu | tu | kelku | omnus/omnes | nulu |
| quality | quali | tali | |||
| place | quilok/vor | tilok/dar | kelkilok | omnilok | nulilok |
| time | quitem/quand | titem/tand | kelkitem | omnitem/sempre | nulitem |
| amount | quantu | tantu | kelku | omnu | nulu |
| method | quiman/qualim/qualiman | timan/talim/taliman | kelkiman | omniman | nuliman |
| reason | dunke | ||||
| ownership | quen/quun | ten/tun | kelken/kelkun | omnen/omnun | nulen/nulun |
Sasxsek
Thanks to Dana Nutter for sending the correlative table for Sasxsek.
| question | demonstration | indefinite | universality | negation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person/thing | ho | to | wo | ko | no |
| subject | ho | to | wo | ko | no |
| quality | hi | ti | wi | ki | ni |
| place | <multiword>tu ho</multiword> | <multiword>tu to</multiword> | <multiword>tu wo</multiword> | <multiword>tu ko</multiword> | <multiword>tu no</multiword> |
| time | <multiword>tu ho</multiword> | <multiword>tu to</multiword> | <multiword>tu wo</multiword> | <multiword>tu ko</multiword> | <multiword>tu no</multiword> |
| amount | homeni | tomeni | womeni | ni/noni | |
| method | <multiword>su ho</multiword> | <multiword>su to</multiword> | <multiword>su wo</multiword> | <multiword>su ko</multiword> | <multiword>su no</multiword> |
| reason | <multiword>golu ho</multiword> | <multiword>golu to</multiword> | <multiword>golu wo</multiword> | <multiword>golu ko</multiword> | <multiword>golu no</multiword> |
| ownership | <multiword>ju ho</multiword> | <multiword>ju to</multiword> | <multiword>ju wo</multiword> | <multiword>ju ko</multiword> | <multiword>ju no</multiword> |
Swedish
| question | demonstration | indefinite | universality | negation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| person/thing | vem/vad | den/det | någon/någonting | alla/allt | ingen/inget |
| subject | vad | det/de | något | allt | inget |
| quality | hurdan | sådan | <multiword>någon slags</multiword> / <multiword>något slags</multiword> | <multiword>alla sorters</multiword> / <multiword>alla slags</multiword> | <multiword>ingen slags</multiword> / <multiword>inget slags</multiword> |
| place | var | där | någonstans | överallt | ingenstans |
| time | när | då | någongång | alltid | aldrig |
| amount | <multiword>hur mycket</multiword> / <multiword>hur många</multiword> | <multiword>så mycket</multiword> / <multiword>så många</multiword> | något | allt | inget |
| method | hur | så | <multiword>på något sätt</multiword> | <multiword>på alla sätt</multiword> | <multiword>på intet sätt</multiword> |
| reason | varför | <multiword>av det skälet</multiword> | <multiword>av något skäl</multiword> | <multiword>av alla skäl</multiword>? | <multiword>utan skäl</multiword> |
| ownership | vems/vilkens | dess/deras | någons/någots | allas | ingens |
Links
- Korelativo on the Esperanto Wikipedia
- The Correlative words in Esperanto
- Ido - nia nevolata infano
- English to Latin — University of Notre Dame
- Korelativa tabelo japana — Don Harlow
